Panyin

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Universal suffrage is the right or privilege of voting and is frequently incorporated among the rights of citizenship (the duties and privileges of a person owing loyalty to and entitled by birth or naturalization to the protection of a state or nation). The theory of democracy, that the authority of government should be based on the will of the people as expressed through genuine periodic elections, is not a new concept and can be traced back to the ancient times. Democracies have existed throughout history, the right to vote known as suffrage. The right to vote was usually restricted to certain classes, for example by gender, race, age, belief system or nationality.
 * Universal Suffrage: **

The concept of universal suffrage is only a recent development in the world, but where it has been achieved, it is now considered an essential human right. Where it has been achieved as a result of prolonged or civil wars or granted through a country that has gone through these processes.

The first modern countries to achieve democracy allowed only a limited number of men to vote, usually the men with higher status, who owned large amount of property or came from certain backgrounds.

Demands for suffrage for all males began in world democracies in the 19th century. E.g in the UK. It was not until the Representation of the people Act 1918 (UK) that the vote was extended to the whole male population.

Among democratic countries, pressure grew extend voting rights for women too. It was a long process and difficult campaign for the right to vote in democracies dominated by male interest.

Why were women not allowed to vote:- Throughout history, philosophers such as Aristotle, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Georg Hegel, and Arthur Schopenhauer argued that women should be excluded from politics because they were non-rational, inferior in intellect and reasoning ability, and inferior in their sense of justice. Consider what the German philosopher Hegel had to say about women in his essay "The Philosophy of Right" in 1821: "If women were to control the government, the state would be in danger, for they do not act according to the dictates of universality, but are influenced by accidental inclinations and opinions." Opponents of women's suffrage argued that men were perfectly able to represent their wives and, in fact, could do a better job than their wives themselves.

 In 1869 the Wyoming Territory before it became a state, was the first government to extend equal suffrage to women and to allow women to run for political office.

In 1893, New Zealand became the first country in the world to permit women an equal right to vote. The Australian State of South Australia followed in 1894, then the Australian commonwealth allowing women’s suffrage in 1902. In 1918 the UK followed along with the US in 1920. women received the vote much later than men. For example, women received the right to vote 11 years after men in Austria, 104 years after men in Switzerland, 27 years after men in Italy, and 51 years after men in Germany.

In 1999 a bill granting women full political rights in Kuwait was narrowly defeated, but passed in 2005. There are still a few restrictions on women in local elections around the world; for example, women were not allowed to vote in the municipal elections in Saudi Arabia, first held in 2005. Table 1 includes a sampling of dates when women were granted the right to vote.


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 * Crime Cases: **

http://www.police.nsw.gov.au/news/latest_releases?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGd3d3LmViaXoucG9saWNlLm5zdy5nb3YuYXUlMkZtZWRpYSUyRjI2MTg2Lmh0bWwmYWxsPTE%3D http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/naden-now-charged-with-breaking-into-zoo-20121016-27p4y.html
 * Drug Offences: **
 * Preliminary offences: **
 * Preliminary offences: **

http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/legal-affairs/courts-harsher-on-aboriginal-driving-offences/story-e6frg97x-1226498839183
 * Driving offences: **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/wickenby-claims-another-key-scalp-over-tax-evasion/story-fn91v9q3-1226498882132
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">White Collar Crime: **

//** Sexual Harassment article: **// http://www.theage.com.au/business/no-gets-no-firmer-than-a-37-million-lawsuit-20100803-115el.html

//** Marriage:- **// In Marriage the law did not protect the rights of women. Women were intimidated by men/their husbands in the marriages. Women were seen as home makers a child carers, with little activity or influence in public manners. Law gave men ownership rights at marriage or inheritance until the 19th century, upon marriage a woman lost any right to control property that was hers prior to the marriage. Husbands had legal right to consortium until an amedment to the //Crimes Act 1900 (NSW)//. Also the Crimes (Homocide) Amendment Act 1981(NSW). A married women's property right was passed which was launched in November 1998, this gave women the choices and equal right to the men.

The right does not advocate against marriage but for the recognition and support of the human rights of girls/women and their right to full and free consent to any action which impacts on their lives. The right given to women had a positive effect to women enabled them to have a say in their marriage and allowed them to be treated equally.

//** Panyin **// http://www.boston.com/business/technology/

Sexual harassment case :

http://www.news.com.au/business/worklife/laura-connors-wins-sexual-harassment-case-against-ex-boss/story-e6frfm9r-1226264576753